When the subject of motherhood is combined with work, the conversation can get nasty and divisive as evidenced by the comments to my recent post The Motherhood Penalty: Working Moms Face Pay Gap Vs. Childless Peers.
"I'm astounded at how heated the working mom debates are," says Eileen Caines, a writer for the Orlando Examiner, in an email. "It's not just working moms vs. stay-at-home moms anymore. It's working moms vs. child-free coworkers. It's working moms vs. working dads. It's working moms vs. recently laid-off dads. Apparently, working moms can't win." (Caines also offers smart resume advice for working moms here.)
What sparked this dialogue was a study from researchers who used fake resumes for two equally qualified women?one childless, one a mom. The only way hiring managers could tell the difference is that the mom said she was an officer in an elementary school PTA on her resume. Yet, the non-parent, who listed that she was a volunteer with a community group, received 100% more callbacks from employers. Mothers also were consistently ranked as less competent and less committed than non-moms.
Although this research isn't new, it's fascinating to see how the conversation continues play out on The Wall Street Journal's Juggle blog and Shine.
I checked back with lead researcher Shelley Correll, a professor of sociology at Stanford University?s School of Humanities and Science, with some follow up questions from readers.
Why is this a hot-button topic? A lot of women make personally difficult choices whether to devote time to work or family. I think it makes them harsher on people who may make other choices. Let's say you decide to leave a great job because you need childcare for kids. For some women, (that decision) can create tension between working and nonworking mothers.
Several readers wanted to know more about the ?fake? resumes which included the PTA affiliation. There are different stereotypes associated with motherhood and fatherhood. If a father says he is involved in the PTA, he is seen (by hiring managers) as more stable and committed to his job. But a mother is perceived to be less committed.
Why do you study gender disparities? What got me interested is the data out there that show the pay gap between working mothers and childless women is larger for many segments of the population than the gender wage gap. I wanted to understand what is special about mothers that leads to disadvantages in terms of pay and promotion.
How do those disadvantages play out? There is a face time penalty. People who spend long hours at work seem more committed, even if they aren?t working while at work. Men waste a lot more time at work than women. Mothers with children work much more efficiently. Observational studies have found that the amount of stuff working mothers get done when they are at work is higher compared to other people. But we value is face time, not efficiency.
These kinds of biases against mothers can be reduced when workplaces attempt to do so. With workplaces increasingly needing to hire the best people possible, it makes no sense to discriminate against the person who is a productive employee.
What other topics are you looking at? I?m interested in men who take time off for eldercare, and how they are penalized. In my study, I found fathers experience no disadvantage for being a father, but other studies show if a father takes extended time off, he?s penalized. If he takes time off to care for an elderly parent or children, he is actually penalized worse than women are.
Do you have children? No, I don?t, but I get asked this question a lot.
Do you think First Lady Michelle Obama will influence the way people think about work and family? Michelle Obama passionately articulates that we need policies to promote work and family balance for men and women. Work-life balance is about sanity, and sanity is good for everyone. She?s lived that life. She is really going to make a difference in this way
Work-family balance is one of goals of the White House Council on Women and Girls. Michelle Obama came and spoke to the council. If she?s out talking about work-life issues, it?s really going to have an impact.
As the debate over health care reform heats up in Washington, the rhetoric around health care rationing grows more vitriolic. Conservative commentators, such as those writing op-eds for the Wall Street Journal, paint a frightening picture of the world under "Obama-Care," a world where we would all stand in long lines to get whatever care the state deems reasonable. At the other extreme are the advocates for a massive healthcare overhaul who insist that a single-payer system would end the waste and inefficiencies now rife in our present system, leaving more than enough money to provide optimal care to all the people, all the time.
Let?s park our ideologies at the door and talk facts for the moment. Fact number one: The United States rations health care now, and anyone who doesn't think that's true has never come into contact with the medical system--or is very, very rich. But we ration on an ad hoc basis, with little to no honesty around the process. Has your insurer or doctor ever used the word ?ration? when discussing the reasons why you should or shouldn't have a certain procedure? I didn't think so.
So let me ask you: How should we ration?
First, let's look at how the U.S. rations today. We start by limiting access to health care for the 40 million to 47 million Americans who do not have insurance. Many people insist that these uninsured do have access to high quality healthcare, in an emergency room or wherever; they just don't pay for it. Not true. Study after study has found that the uninsured get sicker, die earlier and get lower quality treatment than the insured, precisely because they can't afford to pay. From an Urban Institute report last year:
In 2002, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) estimated that 18,000 Americans died in 2000 because they were uninsured. Since then, the number of uninsured has grown. Based on the IOM's methodology and subsequent Census Bureau estimates of insurance coverage, 137,000 people died from 2000 through 2006 because they lacked health insurance, including 22,000 people in 2006.
Other researchers have estimated that the death rate could be reduced by 5% to 15% if the uninsured had the same access to care as those with coverage.
Those of us who are insured don't have to worry, though, right? Well, earlier this month three insurance executives testified before Congress that their companies routinely deny coverage to policy holders with pre-existing conditions, a practice called rescission, and they have no intention of stopping. From the LA Times:
An investigation by the House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations showed that health insurers WellPoint Inc., UnitedHealth Group and Assurant Inc. canceled the coverage of more than 20,000 people, allowing the companies to avoid paying more than $300 million in medical claims over a five-year period. It also found that policyholders with breast cancer, lymphoma and more than 1,000 other conditions were targeted for rescission and that employees were praised in performance reviews for terminating the policies of customers with expensive illnesses.
For a view from inside the rescission process, read the Congressional testimony of Wendell Potter, former insurance industry executive:
My name is Wendell Potter and for 20 years, I worked as a senior executive at health insurance companies, and I saw how they confuse their customers and dump the sick ? all so they can satisfy their Wall Street investors. I know from personal experience that members of Congress and the public have good reason to question the honesty and trustworthiness of the insurance industry. Insurers make promises they have no intention of keeping, they flout regulations designed to protect consumers, and they make it nearly impossible to understand?or even to obtain?information we need.
There are other ways we ration. We limit the number of doctors that can be trained each year, and effectively limit the numbers of primary care physicians by reimbursing them at much lower rates than specialists, thus encouraging medical students to avoid that path. The result is doctor shortages and long wait times for appointments, often longer than Europeans and Canadians, the ones with universal health care, have to put up with. Insurers also typically do not pay for preventive care, which might save money in the long run but not in the short term. And as New York Times economics columnist David Leonhardt points out, by allocating 18% of our gross domestic policy to health care we are devoting fewer dollars to salaries, savings and other social goods like college loans.
A 10% increase in health premiums leads to a 2.3% decline in inflation-adjusted pay. Victor Fuchs, a Stanford economist, and Ezekiel Emanuel, an oncologist now in the Obama administration, published an article in The Journal of the American Medical Association last year that nicely captured the tradeoff. When health costs have grown fastest over the last two decades, they wrote, wages have grown slowest, and vice versa. So when middle-class families complain about being stretched thin, they?re really complaining about rationing. Our expensive, inefficient health care system is eating up money that could otherwise pay for a mortgage, a car, a vacation or college tuition.
Then there is the way the U.S. chooses to spend the $2.3 trillion it will allocate for health care this year. We have decided that our top priority is to help the dying--studies estimate that 10% to 12% of U.S. health dollars are spent on end-of-life care. About 25% of Medicare's budget is spent on patients in their final year of life, and almost half that amount is spent on the final 30 days.
That makes little sense to me, and I speak from experience. When my grandmother was a frail 96-year-old, she fell and broke a hip. Despite our family?s better judgment, doctors talked us into hip replacement surgery, from which she never fully recovered. She did not walk again, she quickly fell into dementia, and died with six months. I doubt very much she would have had that wasteful operation in a European nation. Then there was my mother, who died of an asthma attack at age 64. But first, the hospital was able to revive her enough to put her on a ventilator. Although she had a living will, and her family wanted the machinery disconnected, she lived in a deep coma for another five weeks, unresponsive, essentially a vegetable. I cannot imagine the financial cost, and I am all too aware of the emotional cost. Again, I do not think that would happen in a European nation. But take a look at England, home of ?socialized medicine.? My husband died of a brain tumor in London despite the uniformly excellent care he received, all free thanks to the National Health Service. In his final month cancer was found in his liver, but the doctors felt there was no point in putting him through any more painful treatments. We agreed and he died peacefully in hospice.
So, how would you like to die, and live? Should our health care dollars be spent on prenatal care or end-of-life care? How about preventive care, mental health care, dental care--how much are they worth? Should we insure everyone, or just those who can afford the premiums? Be upfront about rationing, or continue on an ad hoc basis?
It's time for an honest and open debate, don't you think?
For some great insights into how America rations, bookmark The Covert Rationing Blog by DrRich, a former cardiologist and medical professor who now works as a consultant.
Also, if you want to learn about one model under consideration for lowering health care costs, read my story on patient-centered medical homes: The Family Doctor: A Remedy For health Care Costs?
President Obama spent today reflecting on the meaning of fatherhood, and launched what the White House is calling a "national conversation" on fatherhood. He started the conversation with a group of fathers and kids, many of them disadvantaged, at the White House, and I thought both the questions and his answers during the event thoughtful and moving. One of the advantages of being a journalist is that we get full transcripts of such events; in honor of Father's Day, I wanted to share this one with you, so you don't have to depend on snippets from the evening news.
THE PRESIDENT: Good afternoon, everybody. It is wonderful to see you. I see some familiar faces in the house. Rev, how are you doing? It is great to have all of you here today as we gear up to celebrate Father?s Day and to recognize the vital role that fathers play in our communities and obviously in our families.
This town hall marks the beginning of a national conversation that we hope to start about fatherhood and personal responsibility -- about how fathers across America are meeting the challenges in their families and communities, and what government can do to support those who are having a difficult time. Today, you?ve had a chance to hear from five of those fathers, men who are doing an outstanding job of meeting their obligations in their own lives.
More grim news on the obesity front. An annual survey of obesity in America found that adult obesity rates increased in 23 states last year, and did not fall in a single state. Adult obesity now exceeds 25% in 31 states, and two-thirds of adults are considered overweight or obese. Worst of all, the survey also looked at children age 10-17 and found that 30% or higher are overweight or obese in 30 states. 30 states! The rate of obesity in US children has more than tripled since 1980.
Study after study has found that overweight children are more likely to become obese as adults, and obese children are almost certain to remain that way. "There is a huge wave of obese adults coming that will bankrupt us as a nation unless we get this under control now," said Dr. James S. Marks, senior vice-president of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
We might be inclined to blame the schools for filling them up with unhealthy lunches and cutting phys ed programs. But a 2007 study discovered that home may be far more dangerous to our children's waistlines. Body-mass index (BMI) gains were greater during summer vacation than during the kindergarten and first grade school years. We have met the enemy and it is us, the increasingly-fatter parents.
So what do we do? A New York City councilman, Eric Gioia, has proposed a bill banning fast-food chains from opening new restaurants within one-tenth of a mile of a school. He was inspired by a recent California study that found that when fast food outlets were in a short walking distance to a school the student obesity rate was 5.2% higher than those schools without such easy access.
In fact, according to the BusinessWeek story Alcohol, Then Tobacco. Now Fast Food? , consumer advocates are calling for regulations that would make children off-limits to fast food marketers, much as they are to alcohol and tobacco companies.
The food and restaurant industry needs to be responsible in how they market to children or else the government will step in and then require them to," says Dr. Margo Wootan, director of nutrition policy at the Washington-based Center for Science in the Public Interest.
Lots more could be done, according to the researchers who put together the state-by-state survey. Despite the fact that every state has some form of phys ed requirements for its schools, nationwide less than one-third of all children age 6 to 17 engage in vigorous activity for at least 20 minutes a day. Activity rates by state range from a low of 17.6% in Utah to a high of 38.5% in North Carolina. Perhaps we shouldn't count on the schools, and instead make sure our kids spend some time running around at home, instead of vegging out in front of a screen.
Parents can also agitate for healthier school lunches and a ban on soda in schools, although that won't do much good if they don't follow through at home. Does anyone else have suggestions on how to combat the obesity crisis swamping our children, and ourselves? Because we will all pay the cost, economically and physically, if this problem isn't addressed now.
If you want to see how your state stacks up on the obesity rankings, check out the full report, titled F As In Fat: How Obesity Policies are Failing In America, by clicking here or just roll your cursor over this interactive map.
Call it the generational vise: canceling Father?s Day with my fast-declining 93-year-old dad because my 11-year-old came down with the flu. Stressful, definitely. Heart-wrenching, yes. Welcome? Of course. Despite all the juggling and hard choices that have to be made about competing demands for care, I?d rather be stuck in this vise than face the void of the alternative.
But it sure isn?t easy. ?Caring for an aging and frail parent or disabled relative may be the hardest thing you?ll ever do in your life,? says Howard Gleckman, author of the newly published Caring for Our Parents: Inspiring Stories of Families Seeking New Solutions to America's Most Urgent Health Crisis. ?But it can also be the most rewarding.? Gleckman, a senior research associate at the Urban Institute and former BusinessWeek senior correspondent, talks about the ?silent society? of some 44 million Americans now caring for some 10 million elderly and disabled friends and relatives.
Our family is now a member of that society. Since September I?ve been commuting by car or plane at least once a month to see my ailing father 700 miles away as my brother, mother, and I face end-of-life issues head-on: Through episodes ranging from dehydration to surgery (at his request) to replace a broken hip joint so he wouldn?t be bedridden, my father has defied the odds and tenaciously journeyed through his 62rd year of marriage. Each crisis has weakened him, yet with his humor, logic, and longer-term memory mostly intact, he remains at core the kind-hearted man who raised me.
I consider our family to be among the fortunate: Years ago my father, a white-collar engineer, ensured that his wise investments would allow my parents to spend their later years in a highly rated, soup-to-nuts retirement community. But smart planning still doesn?t prepare a family for the reality of elder care. Decisions made long ago about interventions are no longer abstract?and are revised (no, now, to CPR; yes to antibiotics). Costs that can be pared (a private or shared bathroom?) are weighed; quality of life decisions often trump pocketbook concerns, at least for now. Even a caring staff seasoned in end-of-life care ?doctors, nurses, chaplains, social workers, medical assistants?can?t predict how each individual will slowly fail.
Meanwhile, as President Obama takes the lead in an historic debate about reforming health care, questions abound about end-of-life care and its demands on caregivers and resources. Warning that ?the weight of 77 million aging Baby Boomers will devastate our nation's already fragile system for funding this critical day-to-day assistance,? Gleckman provides ideas about how to repair the safety net essential to the nation?s aged and disabled, as well as resources. Organizations like the International Longevity Center take on such notions that putting limits on health care for the very old would save Medicare significant amounts of money. ?Limiting acute care for the very old at the end of life would save only a small fraction of the nation?s total health bill,? said the center in a study debunking financial myths about health care for older adults.
Human dignity has no expiration date. That much has become clear to me as I sit in my father?s skilled nursing dining room while policy wonks in Washington debate their abstract questions. To outsiders, the bibbed, napping diners?many are former professionals?may seem lost to life as we know it. Spend meals with them, though, and the small gestures of pride (?Did I spill that??), compassion (a resident helping another with her wheelchair), and companionship among the residents gently tug you into a world where time is irrelevant and human connections precious. My brother, who lives nearby and visits often, and I slip into the elder zone with ease. Using Styrofoam pool noodles, he engages in mock swords fights with our wheelchair-bound dad?at least for the few minutes that Dad has the strength to play the game.
And what about the generational squeeze? I find habits from not-too-distant child raising come back quickly, such as this past weekend when I was able to reschedule my visit. Singing ?Hush Little Baby,? I massaged my father?s thin shoulders as he soaked up the sun on a patio. At lunch as I gently suggested he eat a few more morsels, I ran a mental search of feeding strategies (and rejected ?open wide, here comes the airplane!?). But there?s no greater evidence of how welcome this squeeze is than seeing my dad?s thin face, most often nodding these days with his eyes closed, lift up and brighten with a wide smile when he hears my 11-year-old on the phone. ?Hello,? he says in a voice muffled with age but suddenly stronger, ?And how is my grandson??
Reader, are you a member of that ?silent society? of caregivers? And do you have advice about coping with elder care as well as the generational squeeze?
For information about long-distant caregiving, see the Web site of Caring from a Distance. "Whether you live across-the-world or an hour away," the site says, "you and your family face special challenges. Where can you find the local resources they require? How can you, family and friends communicate in an emergency? What can you do to help when you visit?" CFAD provides links to information and services.
Here's a guest post by Lenore Skenazy, the founder of freerangekids.com and author of ?Free-Range Kids":
You?re off on another business trip. Another three days away from your kids (oh yeah ? and spouse). You pack your suitcase but have a hard time getting it shut, because it?s so full. Of guilt.
Absentee parentism is considered close to child abuse in some circles ? especially in Disney movies, where nine times out of ten some moppet is bravely choking back tears because mom or dad is too busy to understand his need to sing, or need for a dog, or need for a cheering parent in the bleachers. Absent parents are bad parents, but by the end of the movie those ?selfish? grown-ups have learned their lesson: Celebrate every gosh darn moment of your child?s life or consider yourself Facebook friends with Cruella de Vil.
But is that truly what children need? Constant parental presence? Historically and psychologically, no.
As I was researching my new book, ?Free-Range Kids: Giving our Children the Freedom We Had Without Going Nuts with Worry,? it became obvious that many of the happiest, smartest, best-adjusted people you?ve ever heard had nothing remotely resembling a Disney childhood. From Ben Franklin, packed off to an apprenticeship at age 12 (as was common back then), to Barack Obama, abandoned by his dad at age 2, it seems pretty obvious that what a child needs is not a parent?s constant presence, but a parent-- or grandparent, or some other caring adult ? who has confidence in them.
In fact, too much parental hovering can sometimes sap a kid?s confidence. ?Was it mom?s special ice skate-tying technique that helped me win?? a child might wonder, ?Or my own ability?? The only way to find out is to tell mom: Today I?m tying my skates myself. This happens to be even easier when mom isn?t there.
Because we live in a hot-house culture that has decided children need constant supervision (thanks to ramped up fears out of line with a crime rate actually back on par with 1970), parents have colonized almost every kiddie sphere. Birthday parties. Baseball practice. The park. But what we have to remember is: This hovering is new.
Chances are when you were a kid, you walked to your friend?s house without a second thought. Now kids are driven. You played outside till the streetlights came on. Now kids stay inside, supervised. And if your dad worked late, or you were a latchkey kid, no one pitied you because your parent wasn?t there to check your every diagrammed sentence. You just did it on your own. In other words, you grew up confident in yourself and in your parents? love. Maybe you even figured out why we diagram sentences.
So while you might feel bad leaving your kids for a few days ? or more than a few days ? it?s quite possible you?re giving those kids the rare but golden opportunity to muddle through on their own. When you come home, you?ll still be listened to. You?ll still be loved. And with one confident click, you can de-friend forever Cruella de Vil.
Small firms in the manufacturing sector face an annual bill of more than £1 billion just to comply with legislation, says the Forum of Private Business (FPB).
Figures from the group claim that small and medium-sized manufacturers spend the equivalent of £1,230 million in the number of hours they take to meet regulatory requirements.
Companies with nine or less employees spend an average of 27 hours a month tackling paperwork, while those with between ten and 50 workers need around 50 hours.
Phil Orford, FPB chief executive, says: 'Many of Britain's manufacturers are finding the current trading conditions incredibly tough and can ill afford to spend precious time and money on dealing with excessive legislation.'
The organisation also reveals that health and safety laws cost small manufacturers the equivalent of £357 million a year, while employment legislation accounts for £320 million and red tape dealing with waste and the environment takes £112 million.
An earlier report from Eurochambres, the representative body for Europe's chambers of commerce, claimed that over the past 11 years 1 trillion (£0.84 trillion) has been spent by firms across the continent complying with regulation.
The decline in Scottish manufactured exports has started to ease, new figures show.
Finance secretary John Swinney reveals that the first quarter of 2009 saw a 3.4 per cent decrease in the level of Scottish export sales when compared to the year before, following a 9.6 per cent fall in the last quarter of 2008.
However, he points out that Scotland's performance compares well with other countries', as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development reported export levels declined by 11.6 per cent in the US and 31.5 per cent in Japan over the same period.
Swinney adds that the new figures show the importance of recent Scottish government initiatives to support economic recovery and highlights the extra £3 million which was invested in the Scottish Manufacturing Advisory Service to double the number of firms it can support.
'Through our comprehensive economic recovery programme we have accelerated capital spending to support up to 15,000 jobs and provide a direct and timely stimulus to our manufacturing and construction sectors,' he explains.
The recent Purchasing Managers' Index from the Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply showed that manufacturing production in the UK rose in June for the first time since March last year, but a lack of new orders means that the industry is still in contraction.
Small companies in London are being offered free language and cultural skills training to help them capitalise on opportunities created by the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
According to the London Development Agency (LDA), the scheme will be of particular benefit to businesses which provide frontline services, such as those in the tourism, transport, retail, hospitality and leisure industries.
Boris Johnson, mayor of London, comments: 'The training opportunities we are extending will be invaluable to all those businesses who are serious about taking on the overseas competition.'
The Regional Language Network London initiative will offer companies two courses, one which focuses on key phrases and cultural issues that workers need to be aware of and another which supports managers leading multicultural teams.
Geoff Newton, director of Olympic opportunities at the LDA, explains that the scheme is designed to ensure London firms have more chance of benefiting from the 2012 Games and encourage international visitors to return to the capital.
Earlier this year, the LDA highlighted the specialist training support which is being offered in the capital to help construction companies make the most of opportunities arising ahead of the 2012 Games.
The level of redundancies is set to remain high over the second half of 2009, the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) claims.
According to the organisation's RedundancyWatch project, the proportion of firms contacting the CIPD legal helpline for advice on how to lay off staff declined slightly from 19 per cent in the first quarter of 2009 to 18 per cent in the second.
The group claims this indicates a steady rate of redundancies can be expected in the coming months, saying this effect has been experienced previously.
Dr John Philpott, CIPD chief economist and public policy director, told the group's annual employment law conference: 'Our CIPD helpline data offers little comfort that there will be any significant let up in the redundancy rate in the next few months.'
The latest figures from the Office for National Statistics show that UK unemployment has reached a 12-year high of more than 2.2 million.
Commenting, the Confederation of British Industry predicted that unemployment will hit three million in early 2010.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) remain cautious over claims that there are 'green shoots' of economic recovery.
The latest Nottingham University Business School Barometer shows that 44 per cent of small firms opted to reserve judgement on whether the business climate was improving and 34 per cent have seen growth remain static since January.
In addition, poor access to finance is still viewed as being the major obstacle to recovery, as two-thirds of companies say that credit conditions have not improved over the last three months, with 24 per cent saying they have worsened. Only eight per cent said access has become easier.
One respondent comments: 'Banks are being particularly difficult to deal with and not helping the situation.'
The barometer also shows that some small firms' cash flow is being squeezed by falling revenues, with 27 per cent feeling compelled to cut prices to maintain their customer base.
However, eight per cent say their costs are being eased by falling prices from suppliers.
In a recent Federation of Small Businesses survey, 23 per cent of respondents said they have seen an increase in trade since the start of the year, an improvement on the 16 per cent in February.
Northern Ireland has unveiled an £8 million package of initiatives to support start-ups and early-stage businesses.
Finance minister Sammy Wilson says that the Northern Ireland Spin Outs scheme's ability to fund innovation in small firms and build a strong enterprise culture is essential for economic recovery.
Wilson comments: 'Our universities and local companies have demonstrated that they can provide world-class research. Government must seek to help companies convert this research into commercial applications which can in turn help to build world-class companies.'
The package will include a £5 million venture capital fund which will offer investments of between £50,000 and £250,000 to start-ups and early-stage companies that can demonstrate potential for high growth levels, while a separate £3 million fund will provide financing to non-university enterprises.
This week, prime minister Gordon Brown unveiled a venture capital fund to support technology-based start-ups and small businesses, with the aim of raising £1 billion in finance over the next ten years.
